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The guidelines for design of wind turbines have been developed with an aim to compile into one book the active knowledge needed by anyone employed with wind turbines. The knowledge is immense and often only available in the form of scattered publications and various notes. This applies to knowledge achieved from research projects as well as to knowledge resulting from practical design experience. In addition, the various rules and methods required for type approval within the major markets for the wind turbine industry form a basis for the guidelines, with emphasis on the international standards for wind turbines given by the International Electrotechnical Commission, IEC.
Useful introductions to each individual structural or mechanical component are included and form a valuable help to experienced as well as new and inexperienced designers. Examples of the content are listed below:
Wind Turbine concepts: Different designs, energy production, power- and Cp curve; wind distribution; annual energy production.
Safety and Reliability: A brief introduction to the probabilistic background for design codes and standards is given. An introduction to system safety and operation is also given, as well as methods for evaluation of the safety and reliability of a wind turbine and its components.
External Conditions: A description of the environmental impact wind, temperature, earthquakes and seawaves is given. Basic formulas for representing the environmental loading are given. Guidelines for dealing with special stability issues, e.g. wind shear and transient wind conditions, are also given.
Loads: The calculation of design loads according to different design methods is specified. In particular, both simplified and advanced tools for calculation of extreme and fatigue wind loads are described. Special emphasis is paid to a practical approach to aeroelastic modeling. A brief description of hydrodynamic load types for offshore wind turbines is included.
Other topics covering specific components are included in the guidelines, viz.: Design of rotor blades and hub. Design of the nacelle including the main components such as main shaft, main bearings, main gear, yaw system, couplings and generator. Design of towers, foundations and electrical installations.
Rotor: Design of rotor blades and hub.
Nacelle: Design of the main nacelle components such as shaft, bearings, gear, yaw system, couplings and generator.
Tower: Tower concepts and design criteria.
Foundation: Foundation concepts and design criteria, including soil structure interaction.
Electrical system: Electrical components, ie. generators, softstarter, capacitor bank, frequency converter; wind turbines configurations, control strategies and controller; safety systems electrical safety; grid connection ie. power factor correction; power quality.
Manuals: User-, installation, service and maintenance manuals.
Tests and Measurements: Power curve; load measurements; function- and safety test; blade test and noise measurements.
Bolt connections: Analysis of bolt forces; pretension; fatigue.
Rules of thumbs: Rules of similarity for wind turbine rotors.
Fatigue: Basic principles in fatigue calculations of wind turbine structures; introduction to different types of fatigue assessment.
Fem calculations: Types of analysis, modeling and documentation.
Material properties: Properties of various materials, commonly used in wind turbines.
Terms and Definitions: Definition of common wind turbine terms.
Tables of material properties: Properties of various materials, commonly used in wind turbines.
The guidelines are available as a printed book in a handy format as well as electronically in pdf-format on an enclosed CD-ROM.
Further editions are planned. These will focus on new and advanced methods in the ongoing development of wind turbine design. Furthermore, the selection of new topics will be based on requests by the users of the guidelines. |